State who will conduct the integration describe how their qualifications, training, and expertise equip them to understand and address the complexities and challenges unique to MM analysis and state how integrated analyses will proceed in terms of the qualitative and quantitative components (p. Identify the order of study components and the points of integration. The PCORI standards for MM research, for example, instruct researchers to do the following: Several organizations, including the American Psychological Association ( Levitt et al., 2018), National Institutes of Health Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences (2018), and Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI 2019) have provided guidelines for conducting MM research that call for intentional and well-described integration strategies. Meaningful integration is the hallmark of high-quality MM research ( Guetterman et al., 2015). Four approaches are used for integration at the methods level: (a) connecting-data from one strand inform sampling for the other strand (b) building-data from one strand inform data collection for the other strand, (c) merging-data from both strands are linked by analysis, and (4) embedding-data from both strands are linked in a variety of ways at several points throughout a study ( Fetters et al., 2013). Integration at the methods level involves linking of data collection or analysis procedures of one strand to data collection or analysis procedures of the other strand ( Fetters et al., 2013). Points of interface in MM research can occur at the design, methods, interpretation, or reporting levels ( Fetters et al., 2013). Bazeley (2018) argues that purposeful interdependence between data sources and methodological strategies distinguishes MM designs from multimethod designs in which integration occurs only when conclusions are drawn. Integration is a process in MM research in which the qualitative and quantitative strands of a study “come into conversation with each other” ( Plano Clark, 2019, p. This design provides a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon or a validation of one of the sets of findings. The third type is the convergent design in which qualitative and quantitative data are compared or combined. This design is often used to develop an instrument, identify a new variable in a conceptual model, or inform intervention development. A second type is the exploratory sequential design in which collection and analysis of qualitative data proceeds collection and analysis of quantitative data. The design is used primarily to explain or expand quantitative results. One type is the explanatory sequential design in which collection and analysis of quantitative data proceeds collection and analysis of qualitative data. Their typology emphasizes the intent of the designs rather than the timing of the strands or the weight given to either strand. MM researchers use a wide range of MM designs depending on the purpose for mixing methods, timing of the quantitative and qualitative strands, relative priority given to each stand, and level of interaction (i.e., dependence or independence) of each strand ( Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018).Ĭreswell and Plano Clark (2018) describe three common types of MM designs. MM research is “research that intentionally combines the perspectives, approaches, data forms, and analyses associated with quantitative and qualitative research to develop nuanced and comprehensive findings” ( Plano Clark, 2019, p. Mixed methods (MM) research is widely used to answer complex questions in health and social sciences. The subgroups facilitated the development of tailored interview guides, in-depth narrative summaries, and exemplar case studies to expand the quantitative findings. Because researchers often do not fully exploit numeric data for this purpose, we developed a multi-step systematic sampling strategy that produced an interview sample of eight subgroups of five persons ( n = 40) whose profiles converged with or diverged from the conceptual model in specified ways. Connecting occurs when numeric data from a quantitative strand of a study are used to select a sample to be interviewed for a subsequent qualitative strand. The purposes of this methods article are to (a) discuss how integration can occur through a connecting approach in explanatory sequential mixed methods studies, (b) describe a connecting strategy developed for a study testing a conceptual model to predict lung cancer screening, and (c) describe three analytic products developed by subsequent integration procedures enabled by the connecting strategy.
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